For over half a century, Mischa Schwartz’s seminal textbook, , has served as a foundational pillar for electrical engineering students and practicing communication engineers. First published in 1959, this work pioneered a unified approach to understanding how information is moved through physical media while contending with the inescapable reality of electronic noise.

"Digital pulse modulation," Elias realized. The intruder wasn't speaking; they were sending raw data.