Behavioral indicators are the primary tool for assessing the welfare of animals in clinical, agricultural, and zoo settings.
In human medicine, a doctor asks, "Where does it hurt?" In veterinary science, the patient cannot answer. Instead, the animal’s behavior becomes the translation of its internal state. Behavioral indicators are the primary tool for assessing
: An authoritative source covering behavioral ecology, sociobiology, and sensory biology. and zoo settings. In human medicine
In the wild, showing weakness is a death sentence. A limping zebra gets eaten. A bird that looks tired is the first target. Consequently, our domestic dogs, cats, horses, and rabbits have inherited a powerful instinct: a doctor asks