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NDE selection per code/spec—apply PT/MT for surface discontinuities; UT/RT/PAUT for volumetric defects; ET for tubing/surface conductivity issues.

Drones and pan-tilt-zoom cameras with AI-based defect recognition entered pilot phases. In 2021, several power plants used AI to classify surface cracks in real time. While not yet code-accepted for final acceptance, these tools were used for preliminary screening.

The manual is structured into 10 key chapters that cover the foundational knowledge required for professional weld inspection:

TOFD gained traction for crack sizing in thick welds, especially in pressure vessels and storage tanks. The method’s accuracy (±1 mm) and reproducibility made it a favorite for fitness-for-service assessments during 2021 refinery turnarounds.