Furthermore, the integration of behavioral science has revolutionized the treatment of chronic disease and the management of undesirable behaviors as medical issues. It is now understood that many behavioral problems have an underlying organic cause. A dog that compulsively chases its tail may be suffering from a neurological disorder; a cat that urinates outside the litter box may have feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC), a condition exacerbated by stress; and a parrot that plucks its feathers may have a nutritional deficiency or skin disease. Conversely, chronic medical conditions inevitably affect behavior. An arthritic dog may become withdrawn, while a hyperthyroid cat may display increased restlessness and vocalization. Veterinary science, armed with behavioral insights, now treats these cases holistically—addressing both the physical pathology and the consequent behavioral manifestations, often using a combination of pharmaceuticals, environmental modification, and behavior modification therapy.
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